Prodoxus

Prodoxus

Olle Pellmyr *

The bogus yucca moths

N.B.: Many additional Prodoxus species are known, and some described species are not monophyletic. A highly modified entry will appear here after description in a formal revision.


     ============ P. coloradensis 
     |
     |=========== P. y-inversus 
     |
     |=========== P. quinquepunctellus 
     |
     |     ====== P. ochrocarus 
     |=====|
<<===|     ====== P. intricatus 
     |
     |=========== P. sordidus 
     |
     |     ====== P. marginatus 
     |     |
     ======|  === P. cinereus 
           ===|
              === P. aenescens 

             ?=== P. phylloryctus

Consensus based on Davis (1967) and Frack (1982)

Containing clade(s): Prodoxidae

Introduction

Characters of Prodoxus

Life habits of immature stages

Geographic distribution

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

References

Introduction

Prodoxus - the "bogus yucca moths" of Riley - are small to medium-sized moths that coexist on yuccas with the pollinating yucca moths, Tegeticula and Parategeticula, but have received far less attention. The most obvious difference from the pollinators is the complete lack of tentacular appendages on the maxillary palps. There are currently 10 described species, but many more are in the process of description.

The larvae of Prodoxus feed on vegetative parts of their hosts, and they are highly specific in what tissues are utilized. Different species specialize on the inflorescence stalk, non-seed parts of fruits, or leaf tissue (Davis 1967, Wagner & Powell 1988). There is evidence of resource partitioning among the different species (Powell & Mackie 1966, Powell 1992), and some yucca species can have up to three Prodoxus simultaneously utilizing different parts. All species complete their entire development inside the host tissue, and only emerge as adults.

This genus contains species that often display prolonged diapause (Riley 1894, Powell 1986). In fact, the most extended reported diapause of any insect is that of Prodoxus y-inversus; moths were still emerging in 1988 after 19 years of larval diapause (Powell 1989), and more larvae remain in diapause in Jerry Powell's lab.

Characters of Prodoxus

Prodoxus is readily distinguished from coexisting pollinating Tegeticula by the absence of complete or vestigial maxillary tentacles in the female and by the absence of pollex. Armature on valvae can instead be a series of blunt spines along the outer edge, or be missing altogether. Frack provided a number of synapomorphies in the immature stages for Prodoxus and Agavenema, the latter of which may be nested within Prodoxus (Brown et al 1994):

larval thoracic legs lost
three stemmata (six in other prodoxids)
setae A1-A3 in the larva forming a right angle (rather than a line
seta F1 in the larva dorsal (rather than lateral) to pore Fa
XD group of setae separated, rather than adjacent to each other
SV group of setae on larval abdominal segments 3-6 unisetose

In addition, these taxa are the only ones that show:

pupation inside the host gallery.

Only one trait was listed by Frack as defining Prodoxus from Agavenema:

larval abdominal seta L1 absent

Life habits of immature stages

Females oviposit into the host substrate, which is a peduncle, a young fruit, or a leaf surface, depending on the species. The small grublike larvae, which are white but often turn green when maturing, feed inside the host tissue. Upon maturity, the larva creates a path to the surface and prepares a cocoon inside the feeding gallery. Diapause can last for one or many years. Pupae have a prominent frontal "ramrod" used to pierce the operculum before adult eclosion.

Pupal exuviae or P. phylloryctus protruding from a Y. baccata leaf.

Geographic distribution

The range of Prodoxus closely matches the extant distribution of their yucca hosts. This includes the extended ranges of yuccas in interior eastern North America, where European settlers introduced yuccas over the last 150 years. The northern limit of the genus is probably in southern Alberta in Canada. The southernmost records are from the state of Veracruz, Mexico (Davis 1967).

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

The topology above is based on a pre-cladistic phylogeny by Davis (1967) and a cladistic analysis by Frack (1982). The latter provided far less resolution. The phylogenies are concordant in making the three species that feed on Y. whipplei a monophyletic group, and in uniting two species that feed on summer-flowering, fleshy-fruited yuccas.

A phylogenetic revision of this genus is under way, with a fair number of undescribed species to be included.

References

Brown, J.M., O.Pellmyr, J.N. Thompson & R.G.Harrison. 1994. Mitochondrial 
          DNA phylogeny of the Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) 
          indicates rapid ecological diversification of yucca 
          moths. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 87:795-802.
Davis, D.R. 1967. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Prodoxinae 
          (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae). U.S. Nat. Hist. Mus., 
          Bull. 255:1-170. Smiths. Contrib. Zool. 524:1-88.
Frack, D.C. 1982. A systematic study of prodoxine moths (Adelidae: 
          Prodoxinae) and their hosts (Agavaceae), with descriptions 
          of the subfamilies of Adelidae (s. lat.). M.S. thesis, 
          California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA.
Powell, J.A. 1984. Biological interrelationships of moths and 
          Yucca schottii. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 100:1-93.
Powell, J.A. 1986. Records of prolonged diapause in Lepidoptera. 
          J. Res. Lep. 25:83-109.
Powell, J.A. 1989. Synchronized mass-emergences of a yucca moth, 
          Prodoxus Y-inversus (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), after 
          16 and 17 years in diapause. Oecologia 81:490-493.
Powell, J.A. 1992. Interrelationships of yuccas and yucca moths. 
          TREE 7:10-15.
Powell, J.A. & Mackie, R.A. 1966. Biological interrelationships 
          of moths and Yucca whipplei. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 
          42:1-59.
Riley, C.V. 1894. A striking instance of retarded development. 
          Insect Life 6:336.
Wagner, D.L. & J.A. Powell. 1988. A new Prodoxus from Yucca baccata: 
          first report of a leaf-mining prodoxine (Lepidoptera: 
          Prodoxidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 81:547-553.

About this page

Olle Pellmyr
E-mail: pellmyr@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu.
Dept of Biology, Box 1812 B Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37235, USA

Title Illustrations

Two Prodoxus species.

Prodoxus

Table of Contents

Introduction

Characters of Prodoxus

Life habits of immature stages

Geographic distribution

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

References

About this page

Title Illustrations